Lesson Plan free essay sample

Goodbye, first I might want to begin by saying that I am amazingly incredible full to the individuals from the Prairie Heights FAA. The guardians of these magnificent kids, the staff of Prairie Heights and above all Mr.. Noel and Mr. . Eel for inviting me into the Prairie Heights family as though I were one of your own. For a considerable lot of you this will be a portion of the last minutes that we get the opportunity to invest together during my energy as your understudy teacher.These recent weeks have flown by and have been loaded up with recollections, some were cheerful, some were tragic, a large number of them showed me a thing or two and others filled e with satisfaction observing every single part prevail in their own specific manner. I realize that huge numbers of you have been able to know me very well all through my time here and for every one of you I might want to give you one final important exercise, so I trust that the words I am going to impart to you depend on evident information and matured with insight. We will compose a custom exposition test on Exercise Plan or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The same number of you who realize me have found there are a few things that I totally love.The top three of these are likely Disney, Music, and obviously Boy Meets World. I believe that the explanation that I love these things so much Is cause they all hold components of life that suck with us regardless of how old or developed we can be. I realize that I dont appear to be a lot more established than you yet trust me I have been from your perspective, had my own hindrances to hop through, and battled to achieve my own fantasies. For those of you who dont know, Boy Meets World Is a surprising show that was at the stature of Its fame during the asss.The show follows a little fellow named Corny, his family, his closest companion Shawn, and his better half Topping. Some portion of the explanation that adoration this show is on the grounds that it is humorous, however the other increasingly significant craft of why I like it is on the grounds that it shows genuine issues that we as a whole need to manage every once in a while. I realize you are altogether feeling that each sitcom does this, however not similarly, every scene has Its own concern and you get the chance to see the characters showcase the positives and negatives of every choice that is made.While this is extraordinary and the show is one of my top picks, it just comes up short on some authenticity. All things considered, you cannot make an issue, take care of the issue, and spare all the connections you may have harmed In the process In request to have a glad closure and entertaining accounts In a half hour. Wouldnt life be incredible if that were the situation? Lets consider that for a moment. I don't know what you chose but rather as perfect as that story sounds, I accept that it is the battles In life that make us more grounded and I can't help suspecting that the more you battle the more grounded you get.Although my life can not be Just similar to Boy Meets World, there are numerous statements from the show that have originated from exercises that have thus shown me a bit of something too. One of my top choices that I might want to impart to you will be: You will take in something from life consistently. Furthermore, commit errors. Furthermore, youll make old buddies and Mr. . Fenny will presumably show you each evaluation youre ever in. What's more, perhaps sometime youll begin to look all starry eyed at a lady as magnificent as Topping.And be sufficiently fortunate to make an old buddy as Shawn and when youre not a young man any longer, when the world has shown you how to take care of business Then youll still commit errors. Be that as it may, your family, and every one of those old buddies you Eve made en route, will support you. Furthermore, despite the fact that youll think the world has made a special effort to show all of you the intense exercises, youll understand that its a similar 1 OFF regardless of what occurs, by one way or another the world will ensure you, as well. Presently, I comprehend cap there will be the point at which regardless of how solid the personal times have made you life will in any case stink.I promise you that there will be when after you assess each progression you have taken there will be a second whenever you imagine that each possibility you took was a poorly conceived notion and each entryway you experienced was an inappropriate one. In the film Tangled we continually observe Repulse stroking her hair singing Heal what has been harmed. Change the destinies structure. Spare what has been lost. Bring back what used to be mine. On the off chance that solitary it were this simple, I can let you know whether it were, my hair would be brilliant and gleaming. Sadly, this isn't the case.Believe me when I state, I wish I could shield you from all the hurt you will experience. I wish I could change what destiny has intended for you when its not all that you need. I wish that I could spare what you have lost and bring you back things that were at one time yours. Notwithstanding, every single one of these things needs to occur so as to grow up. I realize that there are a large number of you staying there intuition I can not hold on to grow up and move on, however trust me when I state to relish each experience of what you have right here.You will miss this, and you will need these minutes back, and in all honesty there will come a period hen you will wish nowadays hadnt passed by so quick. My recommendation to you is to live each day like it is important. In the film Titanic we hear a youngster named Jack pronounce: Vive got all that I need directly here with me. Vive got air in my lungs, a couple of clear pieces of paper. That is to say, I love getting up toward the beginning of the day not knowing whats goanna occur or, who Im goanna meet, where Im goanna wind up.Just a few evenings ago I was dozing under a scaffold and now here I am on the most excellent boat on the planet having champagne with you fine individuals. I figure lifes a blessing and I dont plan on squandering it. You dont recognize what hand youre goanna get managed straightaway. You figure out how to accept life as it comes at you To make the most of every day. My test to every one of you is to do precisely that, make the most of life. At long last, as of late I have viewed a significant number of you battle over section workplaces, making sports groups, going for parts in the play, and being a piece of numerous different things in your insane great lives.There is a tune by Taylor Swift that has as of late made its radio presentation, named Eyes Open. I realize that a considerable lot of you have heard this melody, be it in the film The Hunger Games, coolly on the radio, or booming it in your vehicle in transit home. However, what I am certain that a significant number of you have skirted are the implications f the verses. In the melody Miss Swift sings: Everybodys holding up Everybodys observing Even when youre resting Keep your eyes open. The dubious thing Is yesterday we were Just youngsters Playing troopers Just imagining Dreaming dreams with cheerful endings.In terraces, winning fights with our wooden blades But now weve ventured into a savage reality Where everyone stands and keeps track of who's winning. Everybodys hanging tight for you to breakdown Everybodys watching to see the aftermath Even when youre resting Keep your eyes open So here you are, two strides ahead and remaining careful Every exercise shapes another scar They never thought youd make it this far But urn around Oh theyve encompassed you Its a confrontation and no one comes to spare you now But youve got something they dont youve got something they dont Youve just goat keep your eyes open.This is an incredible narrative. Just minutes back you generally accomplish. Presently you are growing up, and the world that you had envisioned in your psyche is demonstrating itself to you, and in all actuality its most likely not as glad as you envisioned it. There will be times when it feels as though you are separated from everyone else against the world and it is the individual you are at that time that characterizes portions of your life. The dubious craftsmanship is how would we figure out who that individual is? The mystery exists in you.That individual will mirror all the things you have gained from your folks to your companions to your past encounters. My desire for every one of you is that individual that demonstrates is somebody that you are glad to be. I trust that all of you think beyond practical boundaries and endeavor to achieve them. Above all I might want every one of you to realize that I have confidence in you. I trust that you have accepted something ceaselessly from my recommendation and I need you to realize that I will esteem the encounters that you have given me for an amazing remainder. Much thanks to you. Exercise Plan free exposition test Plan in English (First Yearâ€Secondary) Prepared By: Naomi Joy Cadungog I. Targets At the finish of the exercise, the understudies will have the option to: 1. Recognize explanations that show circumstances and logical results relationship. 2. Peruse a sonnet accurately and obviously with articulations. 3. Value understanding sonnets. 4. Unravel words with â€Å"augh† (o) sounds II. Topic Cause and Effect Relationship Reference/s: Fun in English Reading Textbook pages 94-101 Materials: Visual Aids, Charts, Flash Cards, Pictures, Name Tags Values: Develop a real love for perusing, love for family III. System A. Learning Activities | Teacher’s Activity | Student’s Activity | |â€Å"Good Morning Class † |â€Å"Good Morning Sir! | |â€Å"Let us ask first † |(One Student will lead the Prayer) | |(Checking of Attendance) |(Students lift their hand and state present as the educator | state present brings in their name) | |â€Å"Please get the bits of paper under your chair† |(Students get the bits of paper) | |â€Å"So did you have a good end of the week? † | |â€Å"That’s great! Have you made the most of your end of the week holding with |â€Å"It was incredible sir! † | |your family? † |â€Å"Of course sir! It was a great deal of fun! † | |â€Å"That’s great to know. We will compose a custom article test on Exercise Plan or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page For at the beginning of today, our conversation will | |be corresponding to a family. Are you acquainted with Barney’s I|â€Å"Yes sir! Pagpapakahulugan sa mga salita, parirala o pangungusap na hindi naunawaan batay sa pagkakagamit nito sa teksto. D. Pagpapalalim ng Kaalaman IV. EBALWASYON Magbigay ng pagsubok na pangkatang Gawain. p

The Theme of Attachment in the Shawshank Redemption Society Essays

The Theme of Attachment in the Shawshank Redemption Society Essays The Theme of Attachment in the Shawshank Redemption Society Paper The Theme of Attachment in the Shawshank Redemption Society Paper Paper Topic: The Shawshank Redemption Formal Writing-What associations face an absence of connection to more extensive society? What is deficient with regards to connection? Lacking connection isn't having a connect to something. Be it a material article or items, or human life. As I would see it, one of the most serious issues represented in the Shawshank Redemption, a movie coordinated by Frank Darabont, is the absence of connection that the detainees have to the outside world. I will address the issue that this topic presents in The Shaw shank Redemption, just as in a New Zealand and worldwide setting. The New Zealand setting I will address are rest homes, and the worldwide setting are detainment facilities lodging detainees of war. Throughout the film, ‘The Shawshank Redemption’, there are no references of any sort of guests or bundles for the detainees from the ‘outside’. This demonstrates the detainees have little information on what is happening outside the jail dividers. In spite of the fact that the detainees have little extravagances from the outside on the tally of Red’s capacity to â€Å"locate certain things from time to time†, it is clear that they have practically nothing. A model is the venue room. Andy has just observed the film demonstrating multiple times, which may show the way that they have little change? Creeks shows this subject capably after he leaves on parole. Creeks exits the jail doors gazing out at the world outside the dark dividers he has seen throughout the previous 40 years of his life. Streams sits in the transport hanging on for what appears dear life on the railing on the seat before him, most likely showing his need to clutch something strong since he is all alone. In his letter to the â€Å"fellas†, Brooks discusses how he saw a â€Å"automobile once†, when he â€Å"was a kid†, yet now, he comments, â€Å"they’re everywhere†. This statement demonstrates his undeniable numbness to the advancement of the world. Creeks summarizes the issue neatly with the statement â€Å"the world proceeded to get itself in a major hurry†. This part of Brooks’ venture shows that he perceives the way that everything has outperformed him; he can’t keep up alone outwardly. There are a few minutes in the film when the seriousness of this issue is uncovered underneath the surface. For instance, he is astounded when Andy hypothesizes on what is conceivable through mail; setting up a government disability number and permit card in addition to other things. The clear absence of association with the outside world is clearly present. Creeks is the most clear character who outlines this. I additionally accept that albeit Red knows a ton, there are still things outwardly that outperform him. I for one uncertainty that detainees of our day and time experience similar issues that the men of Shawshank Prison. Today, detainees have visiting hours, bundles from loved ones, and are softly given parole and additionally home confinement. Just as this, the media has distributed a few times data on ‘luxuries’ that men inside jail presently have; widescreen TVs, warmed deck, and the capacity to procure cash while on the ‘inside’. This is a solid inverse of Shawshank Prison. Of all abominations appeared in the film, one of the most horrifying is the slimy parasite the Andy finds in his first breakfast. This is precluding a man from claiming his most essential need; consumable food. Detainees today have three suppers every day. Just as this, they can get food packages from home, which strengthens the topic of connection to society. As I would like to think, the individuals in New Zealand today who presumably face the issue of disattachment most are the individuals who live in rest homes. In spite of the fact that rest homes are a distinct contrast to detainment facilities, they face a comparable disattachment. Patients of rest homes live in incomplete separation in rooms or condos. They reserve the privilege to feel ‘abandoned’ as the individuals who thought about them presently lack the capacity to deal with them, and have disregarded them. The presence of rest homes may not be so brutal, however the occupants most presumably feel along these lines. Be that as it may, a model that shows off the ‘harshness’ of trust the jury to decide wisely of the ‘Gagging Rest home’ where an inhabitant of a rest home was choked by a worker for ‘making an excess of noise’. I don't by and by know any individual who lives in a rest home, however the individuals who have guardians in rest homes talk about how their moms or fathers detest being there. On a worldwide scale, I bolster detainees by and by. Be that as it may, this time, detainees of war, who are kept because of a war. Detainees are clear backers for the individuals who have no connection to society. Detainees of war notwithstanding, are increasingly extraordinary. They are detained in a nation that they are not initially from, in light of the fact that they were battling in a war most likely for their nation’s opportunity. There are clear hardships for detainees of war; language boundaries, and conflicts of societies and conventions. There are even bits of gossip about torment, abuse and execution. A prime case of a P. O. W amp is Guantanomo Bay the USA’s dubious jail for detainees of war and suspected fear based oppressors. There have been various reports over the maltreatment and beatings of detainees in the jail. The subject, an absence of connection, is clear with detainees of war since they are disengaged from their nations; their families, companio ns, homes, employments, pretty much everything. And keeping in mind that they are detained for a considerable length of time and frequently exchanged as things utilized in examining arrangements, they are held in places totally strange to them, where they can’t associate with anything. At the point when countries choose to end their wars, detainees of war are traded in understanding to settlements. This is routinely done in struggle hotspots like in Lebanon and Israel. Most, if not all individuals, have a recognized association or connection to society and individuals. People need social association so as to advance, to live. At the point when they are prevented from claiming this, they lose their feeling of life; they become alone, until they can’t live inside society any longer. Streams demonstrated this well indeed. I accept that The Shawshank Redemption anticipated this subject amazingly well. Red’s cites about ‘institutionalism’ and ‘relying on these walls† are stunningly better pointers of the cut off associations with society. Those living in rest homes ought to likewise feel that feeling of passes on connection. Having lived more than 50 years of their lives incorporated in the public eye, living alone inside a calendar of exacting timetables is fundamentally ending the existence they had previously. Similar standards are available in jails lodging detainees of war. In some sense, they can feel like Andy did, detained for unjustified methods. As I would see it, I accept that being isolated from society can be harming to a person’s mind. I am not supporting hoodlums or detainees, however I think the gauges introduced in The Shawshank Redemption expect to cause the crowd to feel compassionate. The chief, Frank Darabont, said himself that â€Å"if you don’t feel fro Brooks, at that point you don’t have a heart†. Imagine a scenario in which you were to be kept in a room, to be let out just to eat, or to utilize the washroom. Envision experiencing a daily reality such that all your moves is timetabled. How might you endure? Living along these lines prompts changes in individuals, they do things that they would not do on the ‘outside’. There are individuals, for example, Bogs Diamond, who become savage, and go to homosexuality, or gentler spirits, similar to the ‘gagging rest home’ casualty who whined. No human ought to be denied standard association with the world.

Blog Archive MBA News Want to Make Billions Head to HBSor Choose Not To

Blog Archive MBA News Want to Make Billions Head to HBS…or Choose Not To A few weeks ago, we blogged about how no MBAs were on the Forbes list of the ten wealthiest people in the worldbut several college dropouts were. Last week, the New York Times identified the ten “top earning” hedge fund managers, from John Paulson in first place with an estimated $5 billion (yes, billion) in 2010 earnings to Paul Tudor Jones II in tenth, with a paltry $440 million. The good news for MBA aspirants is that Paulson and Ray Dalio (number two on the list) both earned MBAs and both went to Harvard Business School. So, maybe those reaching for the stars can recognize the value in advanced management education. (Also, for those who worry that you need an Ivy League degree to get into HBS, Ray Dalio went to Long Island University.)   Still, only four of the individuals on the list pursued advanced degrees. Paul Tudor Jones, a University of Virginia graduate in economics, was even accepted at HBS and chose not to go. Share ThisTweet News

Don t Confuse Anabolic Steroids With Corticosteroids

Don t confuse anabolic steroids with corticosteroids, warns physiatrist Kenneth Mautner, MD, of Emory University. Anabolic steroids are used to build up muscle. Corticosteroids are used to dampen overactive immune responses and reduce swelling. Anabolic steroid use is illegal and banned by professional sports organizations and medical associations. In spite of this, some athletes continue to take steroids because they think it gives them a competitive advantage. As seen in the high-profile cases, if an athlete is caught using steroids, his or her career can be destroyed. And there are serious health consequences. Corticosteroids mimic the effects of hormones your body produces naturally in your adrenal glands, which sit on top of your kidneys. When prescribed in doses that exceed your body s usual levels, corticosteroids suppress inflammation. This can reduce the signs and symptoms of inflammatory conditions, such as arthritis and asthma. People who abuse anabolic steroids usually take them orally or inject them into the muscles. These doses may be 10 to 100 times higher than doses prescribed to treat medical conditions. Steroids are also applied to the skin as a cream, gel, or patch. This series of reports simplifies the science of research findings for the educated lay public, legislators, educational groups, and practitioners. The series reports on research findings of national interest. View all Research Reports Research Reports This series of reports simplifies the

Correlation Between Religiosity And Inequality - 3473 Words

Abstract: The study that was conducted aims to closely scrutinize the profound correlation between religiosity and attitudes of inequality among undergraduate students that attend North Park University, thus placing strong emphasis on learning how religiously places a role in shaping student s attitudes and perceptions of inequality among our culture and society. While prior research in this academic discipline leads us to believe the ideological notion that religious students believe that inequality is not as prevalent as non-religious students, the hypothesis of this study aims to either confirm past research or shed light into a the notion that the research may show different results. Moreover, the study goes one step further to analyze, in addition, the students perception of wealth and how they factor wealth into the connection between religiosity and inequality. Even further, there is an additional data analysis that aims to answer the question of whether more men or women feel there is more correlation between religiosity and inequality since there is very little current data on that trend. This survey was conducted of 250 undergraduate students at North Park University and was conducted through email in the late winter and early spring of 2015. Those aforementioned students were invited to participate in the survey via an online questionnaire. Out of the 250 students, 83 students replied and submitted data. The comprehensive questionnaire was comprised ofShow MoreRelatedThe Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage930 Words   |  4 Pagescommunity had been critical of the mainstream LGBT movement’s narrow focus on the legalization of same-sex marriage during the marriage equality movement. They argued that the focus on legalizing same-sex marriage for sidestepping issues concerning inequality and marginalization within the community (Spade and Willse 2013; Loicano 1989; Choi et al. 2011; Han 2008). Studies show that the experiences of discrimina tion within the LGBT community among blacks lead to lower sexual identity salience, preventsRead MoreReligion And The Islamic State Of Iraq And Syria1643 Words   |  7 Pageshas shown that both women and men benefit from religion. It is not a cure-all, but there is a positive correlation between being religious and an overall well-being (Levin, 2010). However, there is less research on how religion affects women and men differently even though it is known women are usually more religious than men as previously stated. In 1988, Willits and Crider found that religiosity was correlated with better job satisfaction among men than for women, which relates to the oppositionalRead MoreMulticultural Perspectives Of Practice : Msw 5531633 Words   |  7 Pageswhite neighborhood. Ms. Jackson expressed she was reminded daily that she was black regardless of her achievements while growing up. My client clearly remembers the conversation she had with her parents before moving to California in regards to the inequalities she will be confronted with being a women of color. Ms. Jackson is divorced and currently lives with her 18 year old son. Client’s ex-husband is not in the picture. My client’s husband walked out on her upon the arrival of their son. Client hasRead MoreThe Effects Of Religiosity And Culture On Adolescent Std Rates2944 Words   |  12 Pagesamongst adolescents. 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Brooks made an intriguing case regarding the debate between which group of the general public, liberals or conservatives, gives more to charity. The author notes that he sees in society, that there is a popular belief that people whose ideologies fall under the ideas of liberalism give more than their conservative counterparts. The main point he is trying to make, is that conservativesRead MoreTheories of Ethnocentrism: Social Dominance Theory and Social Identity Perspective6083 Words   |  25 Pagesreasoning A major focus of psychology is in understanding why group conflict, inequality and ethnocentrism occur. Many researchers have developed theories and presented evidence to try and explain these issues and two predominant approaches have emerged. The first approach focuses on the relatively stable personality differences that people show in their general orientation towards ethnocentrism and inequality (Sidanius Pratto, 1999). Social Dominance Theory (SDT) proposes that people exhibitRead MoreOpenness in Personality10561 Words   |  43 Pagessymptoms of mental disorders.[5] Religious fundamentalism and to a lesser extent general traditional religiosity tend to be associated with low openness, whereas open mature religiosity and spirituality tend to be associated with high openness. Cognitive aspects Openness to experience correlates with creativity, as measured by tests of divergent thinking.[8] Openness correlates with intelligence, correlation coefficients ranging from about r = .30 to r = .45.[9] Openness is moderately associated with crystallizedRead MoreBig five Personality Traits7561 Words   |  31 Pagesself-report and questionnaire data, peer ratings, and objective measures from experimental settings) in order to find the underlying factors of personality.[6][7][8][9][10]The Big five personality traits was the model to comprehend the relationship between personality and academic behaviors.[11] The initial model was advanced by Ernest Tupes and Raymond Christal in 1961,[12]  but failed to reach an academic audience until the 1980s. In 1990, J.M. Digman advanced his five factor model of personality

Poverty - 2415 Words

SOCIAL WELFARE pOLICY Poverty It’s All Over the World. Rhoiney, Andrea 4/23/2014 What is poverty? We live in a world full of Poverty. Poverty is being poor. Poverty is having low income. Poverty is not making ends meet. Poverty does not know where the next place you will eat, sleep or even shower. Poverty is around us, it’s all over the world. Homeless people are everywhere, an estimated of 100 million people are homeless worldwide. The sad part is that number could be so much bigger because it’s not including the homeless people we don’t know about that sleeps under bridges and thing. Poverty is not something you can just wake up and get rid of. It takes time, effort and help to not live in poverty anymore. You can’t†¦show more content†¦Children in poverty struggle to make and keep friendships as they cannot afford to participate in shared social activities like going to the mall, movies or birthday parties. Poor children may get bullied as they cannot afford the same toys or clothes as other children. Poor children that hang out with wealth ier kids, start to feel jealous or start thinking less of themselves because they feel that their friends are superior to them. Friendships are hard to make when you are different then the people around you. Most people are comfortable around people who go through the same struggles and things as them. There is many ways that youth are affected by poverty. It’s really sad and scary. A child is physically, emotionally and mentally affected by poverty (Ending Child Poverty). It comes to a point when it starts to take over their lives. How does poverty affect the ageing population? Poverty affects the ageing population because people are living longer, but resources are decreasing the elderly have fewer and fewer choices for finding help with finances and health related issues, which results in substandard medical care (KRUGMAN). Another reason poverty affects the ageing population is because of the inability to buy food that is nutritionally balanced makes the elderly health problems worse and potentially shorten their life expectancy. Also the living conditions of the elderly are substandardShow MoreRelatedPoverty Of Poverty And Poverty1134 Words   |  5 Pageseach day as a result of poverty (â€Å"Child Mortality Rate Drops†). On their website, The World Bank calculated that the amount of people living in extreme poverty was likely to fall below ten percent in 2015. Even though the poverty rate has decreased, there are still many people living in extreme poverty. One billion children in the world live in poverty and organizations like Compassion In ternational are helping give them a new life (â€Å"Poverty Facts and Stats†). What is poverty? 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Economy, Society and Politics in 19th Century London free essay sample

Indeed, studying the large-scale improvement scheme of London’s streets in the nineteenth century brings to light the radical change in sanitation levels, the presence of poverty and social disparity which was still rife and the advent of leisure and a growing middle class, visible in new public spaces which continue on from the street, such as parks and gardens. These ideas will form around the analysis of three pieces of visual art dating from nineteenth century London. Let us first look at Figure 1 of the crossing sweeper and the lady. In this painting by William Powell Frith is depicted a typical street scene of Victorian London. Indeed, crossing sweepers were very present, as expressed by Henry Mayhew in his extensive study of London, London Labour and the London Poor: â€Å"We can scarcely walk along a street of any extent, or pass through a square of the least pretensions to gentility, without meeting one or more of these private scavengers. † (Mayhew, 1861). These ‘scavengers’ constituted a large part of London’s poor; in the painting the young boy offering his services is barefooted, his trousers and vest ripped and his overall appearance one of ruggedness and misery. This is perfectly contrasted by the lady, who on the contrary is in luxurious attire; a velvet overall covering her and her leather boots shining. Behind her stand white and grandiose buildings with stucco facades which place the painting somewhere in West London. As explained by Bills (2004) the presence of a Notting Hill omnibus and the painter’s familiarity with Lancaster Gate suggests the painting could more precisely be inspired from the Notting Hill area. Beyond the very organisation of the painting however is its message. The lady, who is trying to cross the street whilst ignoring the young boy who asks for money, is walking by foot rather than travelling by carriage, which would have been expected by a woman of her stature at the beginning of the century. This change in behaviour was brought about by the major development scheme to clear the streets of London organized by the Metropolitan Board of Works. At the start of the century, sewage management was highly inefficient and, needless to say, extremely unhygienic. Before the research completed by pioneering physician John Snow, the miasmatic theory was largely held that disease was spread through the air rather than, as Mr Snow elucidated, through water, which he demonstrated to cause the spread of cholera. This new information, along with the Great Stink of 1858, compelled legislators to better manage London’s sewage works. The city moved from private enterprise of water supplies and sewage treatments to modern hydrological systems that worked as a whole. By 1855, the Metropolis Management Act was passed which created the Metropolitan Board of Works, an authority aimed towards developing London’s infrastructure in such a way that would cover all boroughs of the city, regardless of municipal governments. The Board of Works created a complex system of intercepting sewers, including fourteen pumping stations and two wastewater treatment plants (Bruce, 1969). Not only were the streets deodorized, they were also cleaner and starting to become more safe and hygienic, paved by granite and macadam. In addition, electric street lights were introduced around 1880 to modernize the urban experience. In a study of London’s transformation, urban technologies are explained as shaping London; â€Å"on the one hand, they could shield the eyes and ears of genteel urbanites from the offensive and barbarous workings of backstreet butchers. On the other, they enhanced the sensory vocabulary of London’s populations, first through gas lamps and later via electric lighting. † (Mort Ogborn, 2004). This concealment process was as effective for odour as it was for unsightly areas. Pooley (1984) talks about bus and tram routes which went through main streets lined with shops, by design hiding the unsanitary living courts below. He describes how a suburban dweller could then be oblivious to ‘unsightliness’: â€Å"the suburban dweller could thus avoid living in, and may even have been unaware of, the unhealthy districts with their polluted water supply, inefficient street cleansing, insanitary houses and all the other negative externalities associated with inner-city living. † These slums or rookeries were therefore to be cut off or cut out by the Metropolitan Board of Works street clearances and other public transportation schemes. Indeed, entire areas were pulled down in the hope to reduce poverty and restore cleaner air as well as increase visibility on social differences between classes. Unfortunately, though the long-term effect of this scheme was eventually successful, the immediate outcome is believed to have been very severe; â€Å"as land values rose, slum housing was demolished, forcing those with limited geographical mobility to crowd into adjacent neighbourhoods, thus continuing the cycle [of poverty]† (Baer, 1979). This ‘delocalisation’ entailed even further segregation between rich and poor in the modern city. A study of the distribution of the most poor, the paupers (who relied upon the Poor Law for survival), was carried out in an attempt to understand the development of pauperism. The results showed that â€Å"if the statistical curve of pauperism for 1881 be compared with that of 1891 [the] curve is sliding across from right to left [ ] showing that poverty breeds poverty, and the result of that breeding is ever growing concentrations of the poor† (Dorling Pritchard, 2009). This was most obvious in the residential patterns of Victorian cities, as stated by Canadine (1977), â€Å"segregation, which is much more widespread, is by status and income. The poor, whatever their occupation, huddle together on the edge of the central business district, whilst those with time and money to spare flee to the periphery. And between these extremes are the increasingly segregated lower and middle classes, in a variety overlapping zonal, sectorial and clustered residential patterns. † With this in mind, Firth’s painting is all the more powerful, skilfully representing the division of the classes between the wealthy and the destitute. Indeed, the painting seems split vertically: the boy, on the left side, with a broom in his hand, is complemented by another seemingly poor boy like himself in the carriage to represent London’s poor. The lady, on the right side, is looking in the opposite direction and contributes, along with the man walking away behind her, to creating the imagery of London’s wealthy, upper-middle class. The physical aversion to the scene by the gentleman and the lady could also translate a general social aversion of the rich towards the poor. At the time, it was believed by many that poverty was in the majority of cases self-inflicted; â€Å"the poor were expected to become ‘manly’; and ‘independent’ through the practice of thrift and self-help† (Baer, 1979). This controversy concerning a person’s capacity to disengage themselves from poverty was rife, not only among the rich, but throughout society. Figure 2 shows an example of a young boy blackening a client’s shoe. The photo, from Street Life in London by John Thomson and Adolph Smith, is followed by a detailed explanation of the shoe-blacking community which relied upon the freedom of the streets for survival. Within these workers were two parallel opinions: some boys believed the work should be reserved to children and exclude able-bodied adults who could perform another line of work; whereas others believed that a man should be free to choose whichever profession he pleased. However, regardless of the existence of these two beliefs, one prevailed, backed by the Metropolitan Police. The police force, created in 1829 in the context of London’s urban renewal and centralisation of the municipality, was henceforth able to influence the fate of street tradesmen. In the study of street life in London, policemen’s authority is clearly depicted explaining how certain policemen have been known to kick the boot-black’s box under a clients’ feet to prevent the blackener from working on the street without a licence. (Thompson Smith, 1877).